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#1
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Good and affordable UPS for Corsair CX450
I've built a "basic" PC desktop, I mean 150-200w max for "basic" including my monitor, with a Corsair CX450 PSU (OEM CWT RPS0053) with active PFC. Now I need a UPS but my budget isn't high to get the best (eg. an online UPS) so I'd like to buy a UPS with the best quality/price relationship for my goals and equipment within 180USD. AFAIK I need a UPS that generates a pure sine wave during a blackout because of my PSU's active PFC, now let's define my goals.
My worst scenario is when it's raining hard because blackouts occurs randomly, eg. last time it rained there were 3 blackouts within 30 minutes and then no more ones though it kept on raining for hours. My "limit" is 2 close blackouts, I mean I've to be able to shut my pc off correctly during the 2nd blackout then... I'll just wait for better weather time Well my electrical system suffers brownouts oftenly too but I guess a line-interactive UPS, I mean with AVR, will be a solution for that. That said please tell me how much minimum power (VA / W) has to generate an UPS to get my goal, I mean the worst scenario I've described above. Then please tell me if an UPS must have other specifications. Finally please suggest me some UPS models to buy within 180USD that fit my personal case. |
#2
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Good and affordable UPS for Corsair CX450
Jimmy wrote:
I've built a "basic" PC desktop, I mean 150-200w max for "basic" including my monitor, with a Corsair CX450 PSU (OEM CWT RPS0053) with active PFC. Now I need a UPS but my budget isn't high to get the best (eg. an online UPS) so I'd like to buy a UPS with the best quality/price relationship for my goals and equipment within 180USD. AFAIK I need a UPS that generates a pure sine wave during a blackout because of my PSU's active PFC, now let's define my goals. My worst scenario is when it's raining hard because blackouts occurs randomly, eg. last time it rained there were 3 blackouts within 30 minutes and then no more ones though it kept on raining for hours. My "limit" is 2 close blackouts, I mean I've to be able to shut my pc off correctly during the 2nd blackout then... I'll just wait for better weather time Well my electrical system suffers brownouts oftenly too but I guess a line-interactive UPS, I mean with AVR, will be a solution for that. That said please tell me how much minimum power (VA / W) has to generate an UPS to get my goal, I mean the worst scenario I've described above. Then please tell me if an UPS must have other specifications. Finally please suggest me some UPS models to buy within 180USD that fit my personal case. If you put the computer and monitor on a single outlet strip, then plug it into a Kill-O-Watt meter, you can get both a W and a VA measure at the touch of a button. You run Furmark and Prime95 on the computer, to max the power demand, then take a reading. This gives you an accurate value fo total W and total VA. For an active PFC device, you expect the W = VA since PF ~= 0.99, but the meter leaves nothing to the imagination. The LCD monitor is unlikely to be PF 0.99, and would be a tiny contribution of PF = 0.65 loading. https://www.amazon.com/P3-P4400-Elec.../dp/B00009MDBU On modern Intel processors, they can turbo above TDP, so TDP isn't necessarily a complete characterization. Just a word of warning not to "shave it too close". There is also the possibility of buying a "really cheesy" UPS, one where it doesn't deliver the rated power, and to get some runtime, there's a good chance your capacity (max Watts expected) will be covered anyway. Since you didn't give any indication of what's in the PC, it's hard to give ballpark numbers. I can illustrate with my PC here. Video card manuf rated 180W draws 180W (modern cards use a power limiter) CPU manuf rated 130W draws 156W (ATX12V inefficiency is the difference) My CPU has turbo turned off Motherboard allocate 50W HDD look it up 8W to 15W HDD, 2.5W SSD Total 375W My monitor might be 35W or so, because it's tiny by modern standards. The new machine got a $100 monitor, because the hardware for the basic computer cost so much ($800 worth of RAM). RAM sticks are around 1W apiece (standby value). I would bundle the RAM loading, into the motherboard number. Exceptions for monstrous server devices with FBDIMM, where the loading is significant. So now we're at 410W, and we have a budget of $180 USD. ******* APC BR1000MS 1000 VA Pure SineWave 10 Outlets 2 USB Charging Ports Back-UPS $147 https://www.newegg.com/apc-br1000ms-...82E16842301698 https://www.apcguard.com/BR1000MS.asp 1000 VA / 600 Watts Battery Type Sealed Lead Acid Battery Run Time 600W: 3.7 minutes 400W: 8.0 minutes 200W: 20.5 minutes Replacement Battery APCRBC160 RBC Quantity 2 Expected Battery Life (years) 3 - 5 Topology Line Interactive Waveform type Sine wave Boost AVR: Correcting low voltages without discharging the battery. Net Weight 22.49lbs. (10.2KG) They're careful to not give any ratings on the battery pair https://www.apc.com/shop/us/en/produ...60/P-APCRBC160 CyberPower CP1350PFCLCD 1350 VA / 810 Watts PFC Pure Sine $199 Weight 20.30 lbs. CyberPower GX1325U 1325 VA 810 Watts 10 Outlets UPS, Pure Sine $180 Weight 20.30 lbs CyberPower CP1000PFCLCD UPS 1000 VA / 600 Watts PFC compatible Pure Sine $155 Weight 15.90 lbs. Pick the middle one. CyberPower GX1325U 1325 VA 810 Watts 10 Outlets UPS, Pure Sine $180 https://www.newegg.com/cyberpower-gx...82E16842102238 https://www.cyberpowersystems.com/pr...ackup/gx1325u/ 1325 VA / 810 Watts Battery Type Sealed Lead Acid Battery Run Time 600W: 5 minutes 400W: 9 minutes 200W: 22 minutes Battery Quantity 2 Battery Size 12V 7Ah (for 2-pak?) Battery Type SLA Replacement Battery Cartridge RB1270X2A ($70USD for 2-pak) Topology Line Interactive Energy Saving GreenPower UPS Bypass (means similar to SPS, no constant fan) Waveform type Sine wave AVR Single Boost EMI/RFI Filtration Yes Phone / Network Protection RJ11/RJ45 1-In / 1-Out (Combo) Surge Suppression (Joules) 1030 J Weight 20.30 lbs The feature set on these units, is pretty similar. You might want to compare the connectors on them. The APC has a crazy data port (looks like an RJ series), which comes with an adapter cable with some sort of USB on the other end. Both units have supervisor cables, and these cables ("data port") allows software on the PC, to do a clean shutdown of the PC when the battery is partially drained. I picked the middle one to try to get more runtime. But they're really within spitting distance. Notice also, that the word "sinewave" is treated in a cavalier manner. They like to combine "sinewave" with "won't cook active PFC goods", which with modern equipment, might still be met with a stepped sine waveform. You need stronger language such as "Pure Sine" to signify something a power company would be sending to you as a waveform. It's always possible, to meet a price point, these are stepped sine units. But that'll give you some idea what is available at your price point. These are not bottom tier UPS. $50 buys you the "will stay up for a second if the lights blink" UPS. Read the reviews to see how many catastrophic failures the designs have had. The warranty on these units, is generally "catch me in court, dummy" material. The companies will generally be non-responsive if you claim their unit smoked your gear. At a bare minimum, *make sure* to plug these piles of crap directly into the wall. One of their favorite warranty denials is "you used an extension cord". The units must be fed from robust wall sockets. Paul |
#3
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Good and affordable UPS for Corsair CX450
Hi Paul,
I'm not skilled about IT and I thought my PSU max power consumption was enough to establish UPS max power supplying for my PC, anyway that's my hw cfg (but PSU of course): - CPU amd ryzen 2200g = cTDP 46-65W - mobo msi b450-a pro = honestly I don't know! - ram HyperX Predator DDR4 HX432C16PB3K2/8 Kit 8 GB (2 x 4 GB), 3200 MHz, DDR4 CL16 DIMM = I don't know exactly but I guess about 2x1.5W = about 3W - hdd WD black @7400rpm (WD1003FZEX-00K3CA0) = 6.8W (read/write) - monitor Acer x193w = 37W - other stuff: basic mouse + basic keyboard + case (Sharkoon S25-w with 2 fans) = I guess just a couple of Ws TOTAL = 111.8W for sure + mobo + other stuff = I guess it's all under 200W Now the bad news: here in Europe I can't buy neither APC BR1000MS nor CyberPower CP1350PFCLCD series nor GX1325U series. I'm especially sorry for APC which I know is an UPS market leader. Here I can buy these cyberpower UPSs https://www.cyberpower.com/eu/en/pro...inewave#models in particular I pointed my attention to cp900epfclcd 900VA pure sine wave model: https://www.cyberpower.com/eu/en/pro...u/cp900epfclcd which is my "milestone" both for specs and price. I can buy it for 170eur so let's put my budget to 206USD just to give an international gauge There's also this Powerwalker, which is a very cheap alternative UPS with pure sine wave I can get here for just 85eur: https://powerwalker.com/?page=select&cat=VI_SW&lang=en and the closest to the above cyperpower is https://powerwalker.com/?page=produc...120080&lang=en 800 VA - 480W (Output Power Factor 0.60) - Line-Interactive - Active PFC - Pure Sine Wave I'm a bit skeptical about the "pure" sine wave declared due to its low cost, I can just point your attention to these amazon buyers' reviews: - https://www.amazon.de/-/en/gp/custom...SIN=B00K792UR0 - https://www.amazon.it/gp/customer-re...SIN=B00K792UR0 but we have to trust! If those graphs are genuine then I guess its components are very cheap (and weak?); that's my only explanation for a so low priced pure sine wave UPS. Anyway what do you think of this "kind" of sine wave shape? Will it fry my active PFC UPS when on battery mode? I'm just afraid the powerwalker won't last very much, I don't mean its battery but its electronics. By the way, are they comparable (lasting/cost) by a long time period "investment calculus"? In other words will the cyberpower last the double (or more) than the powerwalker? Finally consider I've got a welder and I can make very "easy" fixes like changing capacitors so I'll take a "little" electronic cure by myself of my 200$ investment |
#4
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Good and affordable UPS for Corsair CX450
Jimmy wrote:
Hi Paul, I'm not skilled about IT and I thought my PSU max power consumption was enough to establish UPS max power supplying for my PC, anyway that's my hw cfg (but PSU of course): - CPU amd ryzen 2200g = cTDP 46-65W - mobo msi b450-a pro = honestly I don't know! - ram HyperX Predator DDR4 HX432C16PB3K2/8 Kit 8 GB (2 x 4 GB), 3200 MHz, DDR4 CL16 DIMM = I don't know exactly but I guess about 2x1.5W = about 3W - hdd WD black @7400rpm (WD1003FZEX-00K3CA0) = 6.8W (read/write) - monitor Acer x193w = 37W - other stuff: basic mouse + basic keyboard + case (Sharkoon S25-w with 2 fans) = I guess just a couple of Ws TOTAL = 111.8W for sure + mobo + other stuff = I guess it's all under 200W Now the bad news: here in Europe I can't buy neither APC BR1000MS nor CyberPower CP1350PFCLCD series nor GX1325U series. I'm especially sorry for APC which I know is an UPS market leader. Here I can buy these cyberpower UPSs https://www.cyberpower.com/eu/en/pro...inewave#models in particular I pointed my attention to cp900epfclcd 900VA pure sine wave model: https://www.cyberpower.com/eu/en/pro...u/cp900epfclcd which is my "milestone" both for specs and price. I can buy it for 170eur so let's put my budget to 206USD just to give an international gauge There's also this Powerwalker, which is a very cheap alternative UPS with pure sine wave I can get here for just 85eur: https://powerwalker.com/?page=select&cat=VI_SW&lang=en and the closest to the above cyperpower is https://powerwalker.com/?page=produc...120080&lang=en 800 VA - 480W (Output Power Factor 0.60) - Line-Interactive - Active PFC - Pure Sine Wave I'm a bit skeptical about the "pure" sine wave declared due to its low cost, I can just point your attention to these amazon buyers' reviews: - https://www.amazon.de/-/en/gp/custom...SIN=B00K792UR0 - https://www.amazon.it/gp/customer-re...SIN=B00K792UR0 but we have to trust! If those graphs are genuine then I guess its components are very cheap (and weak?); that's my only explanation for a so low priced pure sine wave UPS. Anyway what do you think of this "kind" of sine wave shape? Will it fry my active PFC UPS when on battery mode? I'm just afraid the powerwalker won't last very much, I don't mean its battery but its electronics. By the way, are they comparable (lasting/cost) by a long time period "investment calculus"? In other words will the cyberpower last the double (or more) than the powerwalker? Finally consider I've got a welder and I can make very "easy" fixes like changing capacitors so I'll take a "little" electronic cure by myself of my 200$ investment The Powerwalker sure has lots of specs, but it's pretty difficult for me to judge whether it's better or worse than others, because the others don't give that level of spec. Units with continuous fan operation, that's usually an indication of the double-conversion type of UPS. It has zero switching time. And the Powerwalker has some relatively good numbers. It only has one state transition which is similar to SPS UPS (that's the kind of old-fashioned UPS I've got). On an SPS, it basically needs a cycle to recognize it needs to make a transition. Whereas the double conversion ones, the inverter portion is always running and so the heat output from the unit in that case, is proportional to load. On an SPS (where the inverter only runs on battery), those tend to be "stone cold" and you don't feel any heat. I don't think I've even felt heat while it was running on battery, but there really should be some. There is more than one way to make sinewave output. Some units are ferroresonant, and they use a big coil or transformer as part of their "smoothing" process. In those cases, perhaps the drive isn't a sinewave, and additional magnetics are used to coerce the output. The other way to make a sinewave, is to do a PWM classD amplifier, which means the output stage might run at 100KHz to 1MHz and the pulsewidth of the switching stage is used to "draw" a sinewave. Such a circuit still needs filtering on the output (a low pass reconstruction filter). On the load side, you have several load types. Light bulb = easy to drive, takes anything, a square wave or DC would work SMPS with no PFC = shouldn't have a problem with stepped sine. Only the front end filter components which try to stop noise onto mains, they might buzz a bit in bad cases, like say square wave drive on a camping trip. SMPS with active PFC = may not be happy with stepped sine. Sinewave can have harmonic content without killing the thing. Non-first-generation SMPS seem more tolerant. The Italian scope picture should not be a problem. Turntable motor, transformers (AV receiver shielded transformer) = They expect low harmonic input, third or fifth harmonic of mains frequency. Hard to judge by eye on an oscilloscope, exactly how bad the harmonic level is. Could be verified in Audacity (FFT display) in a crude fashion. I have some transformers plugged into my SPS UPS with stepped sine output, and haven't noticed any buzzing noises. The reason the active PFC was freaking out, was the "discipline" used. The purpose of active PFC, is to try to get the mains current waveform to be "in-phase" with the voltage waveform. So what the designers said was "hey, since the mains is such a nice sine wave, let us tell the PFC circuit, to coerce the current waveform to follow the voltage waveform". This is great on mains, and works no problem. But now, we consider the case of powering our equipment with an auto battery to square wave drive mains device (used on camping trips). With the square wave output, the PFC circuit says "yikes, I must make a square wave current waveform". Which is unnatural, and forcing those currents through front end filters makes for audible noise effects. If the waveform on battery is stepped sine, that has a fair amount of harmonic content, and the forced current waveform inside the active PFC circuit of an ATX supply, is still not that good. Any sort of sine-like waveform, without evidence of steps, is "good enough" protection from causing the most observable effects. Even if the sine wave isn't "pure", it's likely good enough to pass. The harmonic limits on transformers, the allowance there is lower. I can't imagine a turntable motor being all that happy running on a mains "square wave" type of output. In the computer world, they like to make things undetectable to humans, by pushing the frequencies involved above 25KHz or so. So that you can't hear that some circuit is "tortured". But with mains power, if electrical components are "unhappy", the 50Hz or 60Hz (or third or fifth acoustic harmonics) are quite audible. ******* If the runtime on the Cyberpower is good enough for you (7 minutes with your PC running full blast), maybe that's good enough for the job. But it's a false economy, to be buying a UPS close to the limits of the load, then go home and say "you know, I really should plug X, Y, and Z items into this thing too". You want a little bit of margin. When I check the numbers on the side of the UPS box here, I'm probably (worst case) now, at the limit. But the newer PC only goes to full power, on synthetic tests (Furmark + Prime95), and I don't have an excuse to be running Furmark for more than a minute or so. I don't tend to do fancy thermal testing on that PC. Quite often, the CPU itself is railed at 156W doing 7ZIP, but the UPS is sufficient for that operating condition. I don't game on the machine, so the video card might do things like video encoding or decoding (60W of 180W max). I don't know what to tell you about the Powerwalker. I would be reading the customer reviews, for any reports of damage or acoustic effects. I mean, when Cyberpower first came out, they were a bit on the flaky side. I don't really know how long those companies have been around. The double-conversion units (the type we used at work), those used to start at around $1000 or so. And they kick off heat and aren't 100% efficient even on mains. But they do work. They're trusted by IT people, for things like tape backup systems and the server room. I've not had any trouble with my stepped sine SPS UPS, but then I also haven't been teasing it with active PFC power supplies. I do have an 80+ ATX supply here I could test with, but the machine that is in, is seldom used. The two machines normally running, are not PFC corrected. Summary: Cyberpower may be good enough. Powerwalker, needs more customer reviews to get some idea whether they have fallout or QA problems. Even APC designs can have problems - this is mains power and it ruins stuff :-) Even if I was buying an APC, I'd be reading the reviews to see if they've slipped in the quality department. Every company has a "lowest tier" UPS in the $50 range. And those will be a test of their "minimum quality" standards. That's where you find out what happens when they don't test the products at the factory. For example, at the last company I worked for, we bought around 100+ UPS for employee cubicles, and roughly 10% would either not switch to battery, or would not switch back to mains when mains came back. Just to give some idea what untested rubbish looks like. Those 10% would have to go back. Those were also more expensive than $50 each. Paul |
#5
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Good and affordable UPS for Corsair CX450
The Powerwalker sure has lots of specs, but it's pretty difficult for me to judge whether it's better or worse than others, because the others don't give that level of spec.
Did you already read the cyberpower cp900epfclcd datasheet here? https://www.cyberpower.com/eu/en/Fil...DS-18080023-01 By the way, I amazon-ed a little bit to search an USA cp900epfclcd's "brother" and found the cpXXXpfclcd "family". As you can see the "e" is missed and I guess it stays for european (?). If yes, in the sense if there're no other important differences, consider this https://www.amazon.com/CyberPower-CP...dp/B00429N18S/ You can find infos he https://www.cyberpowersystems.com/pr...e/cp850pfclcd/ and its datasheet here https://dl4jz3rbrsfum.cloudfront.net...P850PFCLCD.pdf The first difference I read is about the on-battery wave output: just "sine wave" and not "pure sine wave" as the EU family (cpXXXEpfclcd) BUT if we look at amazon buyers' comments, we can get these graphs: -CP1500PFCLCD https://www.amazon.com/gp/customer-r...SIN=B00429N19W https://www.amazon.com/gp/customer-r...SIN=B00429N19W https://www.amazon.com/gp/customer-r...SIN=B00429N19W https://www.amazon.com/gp/customer-r...SIN=B00429N19W -CP1350PFCLCD https://www.amazon.com/gp/customer-r...SIN=B00429N19M We'd trust as usual. Unfortunately there's nothing similar for the 850VA model within comments. My only concern is I guess there could be a certain possibility cyberpower built the "upper class" models (eg. 1500VA) with a better electronics than the "lower class" ones as the 850VA. I say that because AFAIK certain brands do this job: different models quality within the same models "family" (eg. a laptop series); what do you think about this cyberpower case? I share your same doubts about the powerwalkers because for now it's hard to find many feedbacks to "study". Just this 800VA model https://www.amazon.it/BlueWalker-Pow.../dp/B00K791C1U has 101 ratings and they're "quite good". My "favorite" comment is https://www.amazon.it/gp/customer-re...SIN=B00K791C1U and tells the main problem is the transformer is not cool down enough by the heatsinks so the UPS won't last so much. By the way, there's also the PSW powerwalker series https://powerwalker.com/?page=select&cat=VI_PSW&lang=en and it's more exspensive than the SW series I wrote above. Honestly I don't understand the differences, can you help me? Let's consider the 750VA model https://powerwalker.com/?page=produc...120081&lang=en with its datasheet https://powerwalker.com/datasheets/P...SW%20Promo.pdf I don't think the difference SW / PSW is just "sine wave" / "pure sine wave" because the SW generates pure sine waves too, so what's different to the SW series brothers? |
#6
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Good and affordable UPS for Corsair CX450
Jimmy wrote:
The Powerwalker sure has lots of specs, but it's pretty difficult for me to judge whether it's better or worse than others, because the others don't give that level of spec. Did you already read the cyberpower cp900epfclcd datasheet here? https://www.cyberpower.com/eu/en/Fil...DS-18080023-01 By the way, I amazon-ed a little bit to search an USA cp900epfclcd's "brother" and found the cpXXXpfclcd "family". As you can see the "e" is missed and I guess it stays for european (?). If yes, in the sense if there're no other important differences, consider this https://www.amazon.com/CyberPower-CP...dp/B00429N18S/ You can find infos he https://www.cyberpowersystems.com/pr...e/cp850pfclcd/ and its datasheet here https://dl4jz3rbrsfum.cloudfront.net...P850PFCLCD.pdf The first difference I read is about the on-battery wave output: just "sine wave" and not "pure sine wave" as the EU family (cpXXXEpfclcd) BUT if we look at amazon buyers' comments, we can get these graphs: -CP1500PFCLCD https://www.amazon.com/gp/customer-r...SIN=B00429N19W https://www.amazon.com/gp/customer-r...SIN=B00429N19W https://www.amazon.com/gp/customer-r...SIN=B00429N19W https://www.amazon.com/gp/customer-r...SIN=B00429N19W -CP1350PFCLCD https://www.amazon.com/gp/customer-r...SIN=B00429N19M We'd trust as usual. Unfortunately there's nothing similar for the 850VA model within comments. My only concern is I guess there could be a certain possibility cyberpower built the "upper class" models (eg. 1500VA) with a better electronics than the "lower class" ones as the 850VA. I say that because AFAIK certain brands do this job: different models quality within the same models "family" (eg. a laptop series); what do you think about this cyberpower case? I share your same doubts about the powerwalkers because for now it's hard to find many feedbacks to "study". Just this 800VA model https://www.amazon.it/BlueWalker-Pow.../dp/B00K791C1U has 101 ratings and they're "quite good". My "favorite" comment is https://www.amazon.it/gp/customer-re...SIN=B00K791C1U and tells the main problem is the transformer is not cool down enough by the heatsinks so the UPS won't last so much. By the way, there's also the PSW powerwalker series https://powerwalker.com/?page=select&cat=VI_PSW&lang=en and it's more exspensive than the SW series I wrote above. Honestly I don't understand the differences, can you help me? Let's consider the 750VA model https://powerwalker.com/?page=produc...120081&lang=en with its datasheet https://powerwalker.com/datasheets/P...SW%20Promo.pdf I don't think the difference SW / PSW is just "sine wave" / "pure sine wave" because the SW generates pure sine waves too, so what's different to the SW series brothers? The one that claims "PWM" and "98% efficiency" would be a class D digital one which "draws the waveform with narrow square waves", then follows that with a low pass filter to only pass the fundamental. (At least, that's the one principle I can imagine doing this.) The low pass filter is in effect the regeneration filter. Because it's PWM, the transistors in the output stage are either open (OFF), or saturated ON, which is where the "digital" terminology comes from. Saturated transistors dissipate little heat, and then it's the regeneration filter that's the only questionable part of the design (how is it done, does it generate heat). The 98% efficiency, that tells you how many watts the inside of the box dissipates. Not much heat. They also make stereo equipment that way. Class D with filter. As for the one that has the overly hot transformer in it, it could be a ferroresonant design. The heat could be a sign of eddy currents and harmonic content being driven into it. I don't know the operating principle well enough for ferroresonant, to say more about it. Generally, if a design is not efficient and is kicking off heat like that, that's the kind of design that needs "constant fan" for as long as the heat is present. If the users find it hot with the cover off (where at least it gets convection cooling), it's going to be much much worse with the cover on. You can see in the oscilloscope waveform with the glitches in it, that's some sort of crossover distortion. But it might not be exactly the same as you'd see in stereo equipment. That glitch would represent a bit of harmonic content, which generally would not be too bad for an ATX active PFC load, but I suppose would make an inductive load absorb some of that. You might just barely be able to hear that in an absolutely quiet room, with say a turntable motor as the load. The UPS itself might make more noise than the turntable motor though. Strictly speaking, that waveform is not "Pure Sine", which implies certain operating principles, it's just a non-sine source that is a better approximation than Stepped Sine. That's why you'd call the output "Sine Wave" output, because it's not quite as good as Pure Sine. It's a good enough sine wave, a cost conscious compromise. With Pure Sine, the method used (whatever it happens to be) is inherently glitch free. Pure sine, used to start at $1000 or so. Any price movement we see there today, is the evolution of the concept. The method used in the old pure sine, might not be the same as the ones we see today. That's because Class D only became a fetish in more recent times. There are some 500W computer speakers that are Class D, but two stage Class D, with one stage being a kind of programmable power supply, the second stage drawing the final waveform, with little thermal overhead. The drop across the final transistors is only a few volts at most. Paul |
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